Publications

Historical works by Dr. Victoria Bynum

Distinguished Professor Emeritus of History

Texas State University, San Marcos

A graduate of the University of California, San Diego, Victoria Bynum is an award-winning scholar and NEH Fellow who has researched class, race, and gender relations in the Civil War Era South for more than thirty years.

BOOKS: (to learn more or to purchase, visit Barnes & Nobleor University of North Carolina Pressor Amazon Books)

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FSoJ cover

Unruly Women cover

The Long Shadow of the Civil War: Southern Dissent and Its Legacies. University of North Carolina Press, 2010.

The Free State of Jones: Mississippi’s Longest Civil War. University of North Carolina Press, 2001.

Unruly Women: The Politics of Social and Sexual Control in the Old South. University of North Carolina Press, 1992.

FSOJ movie edition

THE MOVIE EDITION OF THE FREE STATE OF JONES, WITH A NEW AFTERWORD AND TIMELINE, 2016.

Purchase online from Amazon, or Barnes & Noble, or the University of North Carolina Press.

For a discussion of the movie edition of Free State of Jones and its connection to the movie of same name: click here.

ARTICLES

  • “Disordered Households: Reconstruction, Klan Terror, and the Law,” in Household War: How Americans Lived and Fought the Civil War, edited by Lisa Tendrich Frank and LeeAnn Whites. University of Georgia Press, 2020
  • “Newt Knight and the Free State of Jones: Myth, Memory, and Imagination,” Journal of Mississippi History, Civil War Sesquicentennial issue, 2017.
  • “East Texas Unionism: Warren J. Collins, Big Thicket Jayhawker,” in Lone Star Unionism and Dissent: The Other Civil War Texas, edited by Jesus F. de la Tejas.  University of Oklahoma Press, 2016.
  • “The Seduction and Suicide of Mariah Murray: A Civil War Era Tragedy,” Ohio Valley History, Sesquicentennial issue on Women and the Civil War, 2015.
  • “Class and Culture in the White South,” in The American South: a Reader and Guide, edited by Daniel Letwin. Edinburgh University Press, 2011.
  • “Negotiating Boundaries of Race and Gender in Jim Crow Mississippi: The Women of the Knight Family,” in Crossroads of Circumstances: Women, Race, and Culture in Mississippi, 1690-2001, edited by Elizabeth A. Payne, Martha Swain, and Marjorie J. Spruill. University of Georgia Press, 2010.
  • “Occupied At Home: North Carolina Women Confront Confederate Forces,” in Occupied Women: Protection, Violation, and the Sexual Politics of the Union Military, edited by LeeAnn Whites and Alecia Long. Louisiana State University Press, 2009.
  • “‘We Never Yielded in The Struggle:’ The Home Front,” in Struggle For a Vast Future: The American Civil War, edited by Aaron Sheehan-Dean with an introduction by James McPherson. Osprey Publishing, April 2006.
  • “Telling and Retelling the Legend of the Free State of Jones,” In Guerrillas, Unionists, and Violence on the Confederate Home Front, edited by Daniel E. Sutherland. University of Arkansas, 1999.
  • “Misshapen Identity: Memory, Folklore, and the Legend of Rachel Knight.” In Discovering the Women in Slavery: Emancipating Perspectives on the American Past, edited by Patricia Morton. University of Georgia Press, 1996. Revised and Republished in Sex, Love, Race: Crossing Boundaries in North American History, edited by Martha Hodes. New York University Press, 1999.
  • “Mothers, Lovers, and Wives: Images of Poor White Women in Edward Isham’s Autobiography.” In The Confessions of Edward Isham: A Poor White Life of the Old South, edited by Charles C. Bolton and Scott P. Culclasure. University of Georgia Press, 1998.
  • “‘White Negroes’ in Segregated Mississippi: Miscegenation, Racial Identity, and the Law.” Journal of Southern History, May 1998.
  • “Reshaping the Bonds of Womanhood: Divorce in Reconstruction North Carolina.” In Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War, edited by Catherine Clinton and Nina Silber, with an introduction by James McPherson. Oxford University Press, 1992.
  • “War Within a War: Women’s Participation in the Revolt of the North Carolina Piedmont, 1863-65,” Frontiers: A Journal of Women’s Studies, Fall 1987.
  • “The Lowest Rung: Court Control Over Poor White and Free Black Women,” Southern Exposure, Nov./Dec. 1984. Republished in Black Women in United States History: From Colonial Times Through the Nineteenth Century. Volume I, edited by Darlene Clark Hine. Carlson Publishing, 1990.

SHORT ESSAYS AND ENCYCLOPEDIC ENTRIES:

  • Afterword, The Civil War Guerrilla: Unfolding the Black Flag in History, Memory, and Myth, edited by Matthew Hulbert and Joseph Beilein Jr. University Press of Kentucky, 2015.
  • Interview about “Free State of Jones,” in Talking About History: Historians Discuss the Civil War (Civil War Forum’s Q&A, Book 1), edited by David Woodbury. Amazon E-Book, 2014.
  • “Rebels Against the Confederacy,” Hillviews: The Life and Times of Texas State University-San Marcos, vol. 38, no. 1 (spring/summer 2008).
  • “The Five Classes of Women in Antebellum North Carolina,” Antebellum Issue of Tar Heel Junior Historian, November 1996.
  • “Hetty Cary,” “Sallie A. Brock,” “Phoebe Pember,” “Marriage and Divorce,” all in Encyclopedia of the Confederacy, edited by Richard Current. Simon and Schuster, 1993.

21 thoughts on “Publications”

  1. There was a community of People of Color an Wilkes County, North Carolina that became Ashe County in 1799. There were many AndersonsIs in the community. Is there any information on these people?

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  2. The photo of the Tennessee Newt I’m guessing is Newton’s father Albert with Mason Rainy, not Rebecca Jenkins. Mason was found and adopted by Albert’s father in Central Alabama when returning from Georgia on business. Mason and her brother were the only survivors of a wagon train raid. She was described as dark and looked like an American Indian or Spanish.

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    1. Hi Duane,
      Thanks for your thoughts. I’m sorry that you did not post this under that Tennessee photograph that you reference, as we might have been able to get a good discussion going. As for your history of Mason Rainey’s origins, I would love to know your sources. I’ve never seen or found any evidence of her birthplace or her life before marriage to Albert Knight.

      Vikki

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  3. The information I have is that the brother died early and Albert’s father and mother adopted her. Albert was taken with her and built her a house the way and where she wanted it, on the Leaf River. The had several children along with Newton who was towards the younger siblings. My great great grandfather was a brother and was the oldest who, with his brother(2nd to oldest) migrated to Ashley Country Arkansas.

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  4. Hello – I am hoping you can tell where you found the letters from Sheriff S.G. Brigman to Provost Marshal Edward W. Hinks of September 1867, as I would like to locate (if possible) copies that may be located in the online archive of the State of North Carolina. James A Keith was my 1st cousin 5x removed and Thomas S Deaver (whose mill was burned) was my 4x great grandfather. Since you don’t have images of the letters in this blog, I’m hoping to determine in which collection of the archives that I may find them.

    Sincerely, M S Buckner

    Liked by 1 person

    1. Hello, M S Buckner,

      I’m happy to give you the full citation for the two Brigman letters:
      “Madison Sheriff S. G. Brigman to Col. Edward W. Hinks, 18 Sept. 1867, contained in Governors’ Papers, Jonathan Worth, 1867, NCDAH.”

      Please let me know if you have difficulty obtaining access to these letters. I’m pretty sure I still have copies or transcriptions of them in my files.

      Vikki Bynum

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  5. Mrs. Bynum, I am new to your information but am most appreciative of your work. I have a specific question for you. In your book “Unruly Women” you mention a Sally Short and an Elvira Short as two white ladies involved in a bawdy house in Granville County, North Carolina. My great great grandmother was a Sally Short from Granville County and she lived with her mother, her children and an Eliza Short in 1850. I would like to find out if she was in fact the same Sally Short mentioned. Any advice on my research would be greatly appreciated.

    Liked by 1 person

    1. Tony, Thanks! Nice to hear from you. I’ll check my files asap to see if I have any more information on Sally and Eliza Short.
      Vikki

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  6. You’re most welcome, Tony. I always try to respond to questions directed to me as I enjoy discussing ancestral history with my readers! I’m in the midst of gathering material on the Short women and will likely have it ready to share with you in a day or two.

    Best,
    Vikki

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  7. Thank you so much. This is so meaningful for me. To put it in my perspective, I am actually hoping that it was my great great grandmother who operated a “bawdy house”! Can’t believe I am saying that but it would make so much sense from what I know about my family history.

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    1. Hi Tony. The following is a compilation of what I’ve found on Sally Short and also Eliza Short. I hope it helps to answer some of your questions! Ancestry contains so much conflicting, undocumented genealogical information on the Shorts of Granville that I was almost sorry I went there. Below, I compare some of the ‘facts” presented there against documented information from the Federal Manuscript censuses and Granville County’s Court records.

      Sally Short was born in approximately 1812 in VA or NC; Eliza Short in about 1824 in NC. The consensus among Ancestry researchers is that Sally’s father was Wyatt Short and her mother was Mary Adams Short. Several maintain that Eliza (surname unknown) married James Wyatt Short (1818-1849), brother to Sally.

      Wish I had more information! Best, Vikki

      From the 1850 Henderson Township, Granville, Federal Manuscript Census:
      Short, Mary age 75, hh head, b. in VA, Pauper
      “ Sally, age 40, $25 in real estate, b. in NC, cannot read
      “ Eliza, age 26 (sister or possibly sister-in-law to Sally)
      “ Robert, age 8 (likely Sally’s son)
      “ Jas, age 6 (likely Sally’s son)
      “ Ariella, age 4 (likely Sally’s daughter)
      “ Peter, age 4 (likely Eliza’s son)

      From the 1870 Henderson Township, Granville, Federal Manuscript Census:
      Short, Sally, 38, hh head, $50 in real estate, seamstress, b. in VA
      “ Ella (likely daughter Ariella), 19
      “ Peter, 18 (likely Eliza Short’s son)
      “ Willie, 5
      “ James, 3

      The same Sally Short and Eliza Short appear in court records listed below.

      COURT RECORDS, GRANVILLE COUNTY
      Bastardy Bonds:
      Aug. 1837: Sally Short charged with bastard child of Robert Chapman, “planter.” The child was born 21 Sept 1836.
      Note: many Ancestry researchers list Robert Chapman as Sally Short’s husband, but I found no documentation of such a marriage.
      Aug, 1838: Susan Short (Sally?) charged with bastard child of Thomas Wilson
      Feb, 1848: Ann Eliza Short charged with bastard child of Peter L. Reavis

      Theft:
      28 Aug 1847: Nancy Glasgow, “woman of ill fame” charged with illegally milking the cow of Thomas Pleasants, thereby stealing a pint of milk, near the residence of Sally Short and Eliza Short. On 30 Aug 1847, Pleasants charged that Polly Short, a “woman of ill fame,” conspired with Glasgow to steal the milk. Summoned to testify were Sally Short, Eliza Short, and “old Mrs. Short” (Polly?) Polly Short was discharged with costs assigned to Pleasants.

      Prostitution:
      Superior Court, Spring 1852: Sally Short and Eliza Short charged with keeping a “bawdy house.” (I now believe that “Elvira” Short, as originally reported, was actually Eliza Short.) The charge specified that men, women, free persons of color, and slaves all gathered there, night and day.

      Marriage records:
      23 Aug. 1855: marriage license issued to Albert Edwins and Sarah Short
      24 Aug 1855: Albert Edwins and Sarah Short were married. I’m not certain this is our Sally Short, since she seems not to have been called Sarah in other records and still appears in the 1870 census with the surname Short.

      Assault and Battery:
      Aug 1856: Eliza Short charged Albert Edwins with assault and battery
      Sept 1856: Eliza Short filed a peace warrant against Albert Edwin

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      1. Wow Mrs. Bynum, you have answered my question! I am stunned. This Sally Short was in fact my actual great great grandmother. What a tremendous amount of work you have done in such a short period of time, I am amazed and so grateful. By the way, I live in Roanoke Rapids NC not too far away from where they lived. I cannot thank you enough for this. Most of your information I had seen and came to the same conclusions. Sally’s son Robert was my great grandfather. It is true that Sally had a child that was named Mary (Robert’s sister) by Robert Chapman as the bastardy bond reflects. We wondered why her son Robert did not have a bastardy bond but I read somewhere that for the second (or more) child of the same union there often was not a bond posted.

        I had not seen the court documents. Were you able to get these on line or will I have to go to the courthouse to see them? They lived in Henderson NC which is in Vance County now; it was part of Granville until 1880 as you probably know.

        My second cousin (once removed) and I have worked on our family tree for many years but this is groundbreaking. It answers so many questions and it really answers our question why so many of our family would not speak about it. We thought it was because Sally and Robert were not married so my great grandfather was illegitimate but this is a whole new story!!

        I have been working on our history for about 30 years now and did not have a clue about anything like this, so I guess the moral of the story is to never give up!

        Also please know that neither my cousin nor I would judge Sally or Eliza for any of this (I can’t say that about others in the family). We weren’t there and so we will never know their story. But in a way, I really admire them, they had to survive.

        Liked by 1 person

      2. Tony, I’m so pleased to have filled in gaps in your and others’ family research. I obtained all my information directly from county and state records stored at the NC State Archives. Those records became major sources for my PHD dissertation, a study of NC farm families in the antebellum-Civil War period that also included chapters on poor white women and free women of color. The archives director kindly allowed me to have a desk back in the stacks and, from there, to find and search records on my own. I spent almost a year visiting the archives five days a week and taking notes from when it opened until it closed for the day. This was 1983-84, and we researchers had no laptops or smart phones to facilitate research. Photocopies were expensive, so I took notes by hand and photocopied only when necessary. I still have all my notecards, data sheets, and copies, many of which I used to write Renegade South posts after my dissertation became the book, Unruly Women. Many of those documents–especially apprenticeship bonds, bastardy bonds, and criminal action papers, as well as court minute books–are online now, and you might be able to find them through the NC Archives’ digital site.

        I am pleased that you are excited to know the true history of your ancestors, no matter where the story might take you. I quickly became fascinated by the lives of poor white women and women of color once I began my research. I saw that poor women had few means for making a living except by working in other people’s homes and fields, or begging. Small wonder that many sold sex to get by. A good number already had children born out of wedlock and little hope of marriage to a decent man who made a good living. What excited me most was to occasionally get glimpses of their daily lives–as when Nancy Glasgow got caught milking a farmer’s cow and several of the Short women were also implicated. Sometimes poor women gave testimony in court cases that also brought them to life for me. Like you, I admire them for their perseverance.

        Best, Vikki

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      3. Vikki, a follow up, my cousin and I did go to the NC Archives and found the exact information that you provided (you may have been the last person to see it!). We found more things about the group. We plan to return and do more research. We are so fortunate you choose Granville County NC as one of your three in your book “Unruly Women”. It appears to me that their real “sin” was to allow free people of color and enslaved people into their bawdy house. Best wishes….

        Liked by 1 person

      4. Tony, I’m delighted to learn that you and your cousin visited the NC Archives and found even more information on your ancestors! And, yes, like you I concluded that taverns and bawdy houses that allowed interracial mixing were the true targets of county law enforcement. White prostitutes who catered only to white men were generally left alone unless they broke the law in other ways, such as by stealing from those better off than themselves.

        Vikki

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  8. In your piece where you explained the possible mix up as to how babe white could have been misinterpreted as a member of the newt knight band in reference to the possible murder of B. J. Rushton, I am a descendant of the rushtons and am putting together an article about my family history (not for profit or sale) would like to ask permission to use some pieces of information that kinda clears up the connection with Newt Knight because the only info I can use right now is from the book about Mississippi that falsely connects the said babe white with Newt Knight. The book also incorrectly states both Rushton brothers moved to Mississippi but his brother Joseph Rushton did not move to Mississippi with his brother he remained in Alabama. I will of course if permission is granted cite your work as my source and give you the credit you so deserve! I just do not have access to the WPA interviews only some are available to read online and I could not find either of those that reference the White family.

    Liked by 1 person

    1. Dear Tiffany,
      Thank you so much for writing and asking permission to cite my Renegade South article, “Horse Thieves and Cattle Rustlers” in relation to the false but persistent claim that outlaw Babe White was a member of Newt Knight’s band of guerrilla Unionists. You certainly have my permission to cite that article. Since the unpublished WPA records are unavailable online, I suggest you frame your citation as follows: “From the Unpublished WPA Records of the Mississippi State Archives as quoted by Victoria Bynum in “Horse Thieves and Cattle Rustlers,” Renegade South Blog.”

      I have also taken the liberty of copying and pasting your query in the comments section of “Horse Thieves and Cattle Rustlers” so that it won’t be missed by other readers on the topic. Again, thank you very much for contacting Renegade South!

      Click here to see “Horse Thieves and Cattle Rustlers”: https://renegadesouth.wordpress.com/2010/12/08/horse-thieves-and-cattle-rustlers-the-white-family-of-jones-county-mississippi/#comment-141982 
      Vikki

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  9. I appreciate it! (Sometimes I see my work used, especially on Ancestry.com family histories, with no citation at all, not even my name or this blog’s name.)

    Best,
    Vikki

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